RS : Mobile Plant Safety

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Chapter : Road Safety

Mobile Plant Safety

Hazard: Being struck by or run over by a vehicle; vehicles going out of control.

All employees and visitors should be aware that the greatest risk of fatal injury at the workplace is from interaction with vehicles. They must follow Plant / Site rules and remain vigilant at all times for their own safety and the safety of others.

Control Measures

1. You must not drive any vehicle on site unless trained and authorized to do so.
2. Always drive your machine with due care and consideration for others.
3. Drivers must carry out daily vehicle checks and report any defects or poor road conditions immediately.
   
4. Never allow passengers to ride on the vehicle.
5. Ensure that all loads are secure and evenly distributed and within the load-carrying capacity of the machine. Loose loads must be tied down.
6. Avoid harsh acceleration and braking.
7. Vehicle operators should ensure that flashing amber beacons, reversing lights, reversing sirens and other reversing aids such as CCTV are operational and clean.
8. Drive at a speed where any obstructions in the road will not present a danger.
9. Never take for granted that everyone else is on the lookout for you.
10. Ensure you know the position of any overhead cables at the quarry and never drive with the tipper body in the raised position.
11. Pedestrians must wear high visibility clothing.
12. Pedestrians must ensure they stay outside of the vehicle’s operating radius and turning circle and ensure that the driver is aware that they are in the area.
13. Pedestrians should not approach vehicles unless the driver is aware of their intentions and has signaled that it is safe to approach.

Road Safety : Defensive Riding : ROAD HYPNOSIS

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Chapter : Road Safety

ROAD HYPNOSIS

Road hypnosis is a physical condition that most drivers are unaware of.

ROAD HYPNOSIS starts 2.5 hours after getting on the road, the eyes of the hypnosis driver is open, but the brain does not record and analyze what the eye sees.

ROAD HYPNOSIS is the number one cause of rear-end crashes to parked vehicle or TRUCK in front of you.

The driver with ROAD HYPNOSIS remembers nothing of the last 15 minutes until the moment of collision. He cannot analyze how many km speed he is going, or the speed of the car in front of him, usually the collision is above 140 km.

In order to protect yourself from ROAD HYPNOSIS, it is necessary to stop, take a walk, drink tea or coffee every 2.5 hours.

• It is important to note and remember certain places and vehicles while driving.
• If you don't remember anything from the last 15 minutes, it means you are driving yourself and the passengers to death.

ROAD HYPNOSIS happens more often at night and if the passengers are also sleeping, the situation is very severe.

The driver should stop, rest, walk 5-6 minutes every 2.5 hours and keep his mind open.

Accident is inevitable if the eyes are open but the mind is closed ..

Road Safety : If You're Not on the Road to Zero Accidents, You're on the Wrong Road!

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Chapter : Road Safety

If You're Not on the Road to Zero Accidents, You're on the Wrong Road!

The idea of injuries can be eliminated and journey to zero injuries has centered around four primary activities.

1. Identify hazards and assess risk.

The organisation have to proactively identify and eliminate potential hazards. The goal is to go beyond regulatory compliance and look for ways to reduce exposures in routine and non-routine tasks. Hazards occur at the "working Environment." This is the place where the (including equipment and materials) intersects with people and work methods.

2. Develop and implement operational controls with built-in layers of protection.

Layers of protection are established for all operations and activities that could result in risk or impact—everything from Employees safety fall protection to contractor safety.For example, forklift operations, requires numerous controls, including ensuring that fork trucks are inspected before use, training operators, and addressing blind spots. Also, pedestrian travel ways are protected and occupant restraints, overhead protective guards, strobe lights, and backup alarms are all routine. In addition, employees may not approach a forklift within 3 feet without direct communications with the operator, and pedestrians in high forklift travel areas are required to wear safety vests.

3. Monitor and maintain safety systems.

Ongoing monitoring allows to evaluate and improve safety performance and identify areas that require corrective action. It help to tracks key performance indicators for each business unit and operating location. The field observations are used extensively on high-risk tasks and with new employees, known to be at higher risk than seasoned workers.


4. Correct gaps and improve system stability.

A well-developed corrective action process ensures that nonconformances are addressed. The aim is to move the safety system to a higher degree of reliability and sustainability" and minimizing the impact of changes in personnel or operations.

Part of the corrective action process includes applying lessons learned from incidents with high-consequence potential. These are used to predict future areas of vulnerability.

Road Safety : Guidelines for Children

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Chapter : Road Safety

Road Safety - Guideline for Children

Guidelines for Children

The advice given below on crossing the road is especially for children. Children should be taught the safety code and should not be allowed on the road alone until they can understand and follow it properly. Children learn by example, so parents and teachers should always follow the Code properly when going out with their children. They are responsible for deciding at what age children can use it safely by themselves.

While Walking to School :

• Always walk on the footpath only. On roads without footpath, walk on the extreme right hand side of the roads.
• Do not be impatient on the road. Do not rush or run on the road.
• Cross only at Zebra crossings, traffic signals, subways, foot over-bridges. Where such facilities do not exist, look for a safe place to cross.
• At the signal lights, cross only on a clear green signal. If an intersection is controlled by a policeman, traffic warden or RSP cadet, cross only when he signals you to do so.
• When crossing between vehicles parked on the side of the road, remember that you are not visible to the moving traffic (because the parked vehicles may be taller than you). Stop as you appear from behind the vehicle and look for a safe gap before crossing. Remember, drivers need plenty of time to see you and to slow down and stop.
• While crossing wide roads that have central islands, always cross in two stages. Cross to the central Island , stop, and cross when the next section is clear.
• While crossing one-way streets, remember that the traffic will usually be moving in a number of lanes and at higher speeds. Do not cross unless all lanes are clear.
• Never cross a road at a corner/curve, as the motorist taking the turn will not be able to see you in time.
• Running across the road is a bad idea, as you may slip and fall.

While going by bus:

• Leave home well in time, so that you won't have to run to catch the bus.
• At the bus stand, always follow the queue. Board the bus only after it has come to a halt, without rushing in or pushing others.
• While in the bus, shouting or making a noise is definitely bad manners. Such behavior can also distract the driver.
• Do not board or alight at a bus stop other than the one decided by the school. Never board and alight at a red light crossing or unauthorized bus stop.
• Always hold onto the handrail if standing in a moving bus, especially on sharp turns.
• Do not sit, stand or travel on the footboard of the bus.
• Do not put any part of your body outside a moving or stationary bus.
• Always adhere to the bus safety rules.

Guidelines for parents of school children:

• Parents are equally responsible for the safety of their children during school journeys.
• They must ensure that the mode of transport arranged by school or by themselves is absolutely safe.
• Parents must play the role of vigilant observers. They should note down violations committed by school buses and immediately report to the authorities.
• Parents must participate in P.T.A. meetings and discuss the safety aspects of their children.
• While taking their children to school themselves, they should take proper care of their safety.
• Parents must ensure that the children acquire the right knowledge and skills for safe use of roads. They should teach their children the basic rules of the road, how to walk and cross the road, how to alight and board a bus etc.
• Parents should not allow their minor children to drive.
• Parents must also ensure that the right attitude for a law abiding citizen is imparted to their children by the family.
• Children are very good observers and therefore, parents must set an example by meticulously observing even small traffic rules.

Guidelines for teachers for ensuring safety of school children:

It is the responsibility of school authorities and the teachers to ensure the safety of school children and also to impart the necessary knowledge, skills and attitude to be a safe road user.

Teachers should help develop a responsible attitude towards road use in school children.
Teachers should impart essential knowledge about roads and traffic to school children, by:

• Making them familiar with the rules of road and their importance.
• By explaining them the causes of accidents involving pedestrians, cyclists and children.
• Telling them about the cause and extent of pollution due to traffic.

Children come to school in various modes of transport. Teachers should ensure that:

• The children enter and leave the school safely.
• There is no conflict between pedestrians and vehicles.
• The vehicles including school buses are parked safely and properly.

Essentials for a School Bus as ordered by the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India:

• "School Bus" must be written on the back and front of the Bus.
• If it is a hired bus, "On School Duty" should be clearly indicated
• Bus must have a First-Aid-Box.
• The windows of Bus must be fitted with horizontal grills.
• There must be a Fire Extinguisher in the Bus.
• School Name and Telephone No. must be written on the Bus.
• The doors of the Bus should be fitted with reliable locks.
• To keep School Bags safely, there should be a space fitted under the seats.
• There must be an Attendant from the School in the Bus.
• Any parent/guardian or a teacher may also travel to ensure these safety norms.

The above mentioned points as directed by the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India are mandatory for all school buses. For further details, School managements can contact their nearest Traffic Inspector.

Road Safety :- How to safely stop your car when brakes FAIL!

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Chapter : Road Safety

How to safely stop your car when brakes FAIL!

Brakes are one of the most crucial parts of your vehicle; they require regular maintenance and vigilance.

If you find any niggling in the braking system, you should immediately contact your service station and sort it out as soon as possible.

Else, it could lead you into big trouble. The first thing you should know in this situation is - don’t panic!

Following are the few things you might encounter when your braking system isn't working well.

• The brake pedal feels gooey and mushy.
• The brake pedal becomes hard and loses vacuum boost.
• Watch out for brakes screeching, creaking, and whining noise coming from the disc.
• Watch out for burning smell and fumes coming out from the disc, brakes generate lot of heat.

Following are the preventive steps you should keep in mind.

• You should check the brake fluid level weekly, in a vessel with lid, marked with brake fluid under the bonnet; it should always be between maximum and minimum as prescribed by the manufacturer.
• Check your braking system at every service intervals.
• Do not avoid changing your braking pads, brake fluids, disc and drums at regular service intervals as recommended by the vehicle manufacturer.
• Do not engage brakes for longer period and avoid sudden braking as it deteriorates brake pads rapidly.
• Do not use brakes for prolonged periods while driving downhill; it will generate excessive heat and can damage your system. Rather use engine braking with brakes while downhill.
• After riding through flooded roads during monsoon, just gently press the brakes to dry the pads; water in the system lead to adversities.

Well, in case you do encounter braking system failure, here are some exigency steps you should follow.We have divided steps to perform while braking system failure into two categories at high speed and at slow speed.

Braking system failure during slow speed

In a draggy bumper-to-bumper traffic or at very nominal speeds you can experience sudden braking system failure; it can be caused due to insufficient vacuum in the brake boosters, leaking brake fluid, perished lines, and leaky master cylinder.

In these situations, you will feel very soft mushy brake pedal and it will touch the metal without any resistance. Don’t panic and adopt the following steps:

• Quickly press and release the pedal; it might help to generate some stopping action with whatever pressure is left. This could help you lose some momentum and stop your car.
• Downshift the gear as early as possible, as engine braking is the best alternative in these situation; for example, if you are in third gear, downshift it to second, release the clutch and then into first, release the clutch, keep your foot off the accelerator.
• Engine braking is useful because every particular gear is meant to run to a particular speed and specified rpm.
• Use handbrake, which is a simple mechanical brake; it will help in halting the car, eventually. The modern high-end car comes with electronic handbrake system; this won’t work until the car is standing still. So this system won’t help you in this situation.
• Shut the engine off when you downshift into first gear and let the engine decelerate itself to a complete halt due to friction.
• You should switch on the emergency hazard lights and honk your horn to get the attention of the other drivers around.

Braking system failure during high speed

Braking system failure at high speed can be very dangerous; at low speeds you can easily manage the vehicle to halt. Things happen very quickly and you have to interpret the situation extremely fast.

At high speed, this thing will only come to your notice whenever you want to slow down or you need to come to a complete halt

The first thing you should do is just be clam; don’t panic, as it will only worsen the situation for you. Follow these steps:

• Quickly downshift to third gear, then second and finally first gear. These downshifts will surely help to reduce the speed and momentum to considerable levels and reduce the force of impact in the worst situation.
• Do not stop pumping your pedal as the system might work with whatever pressure is left and can help the car in decelerating.
• Shut the engine off only when your car decelerates to very low speed as shutting the engine off will take the life out of your steering.
• Put the car on sand and gravel along the roadside as they generate more friction.

Road Safety : Seat Safety Belt & its the MYTHS AND FACTS

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Chapter : Road Safety

Seat Safety Belt & its the MYTHS AND FACTS 

Whether you are driving to work or driving a powered industrial truck at work, safety belt use is important each and every time you get behind the wheel.


Why Safety Belts?

To understand the value of safety belt use, it's important to understand some of the dynamics of a crash. Every motor vehicle crash is actually comprised of three collisions. 

 

The Car's Collision
The first collision is known as the car's collision, which causes the car to buckle and bend as it hits something and comes to an abrupt stop. This occurs in approximately one-tenth of a second. The crushing of the front end absorbs some of the force of the crash and cushions the rest of the car. As a result, the passenger compartment comes to a more gradual stop than the front of the car.

The Human Collision
The second collision occurs as the car's occupants hit some part of the vehicle. At the moment of impact, unbelted occupants are still traveling at the vehicle's original speed. Just after the vehicle comes to a complete stop, these unbelted occupants will slam into the steering wheel, the windshield, or some other part of the vehicle interior. This is the human collision.

Another form of human collision is the person-to-person impact. Many serious injuries are caused by unbelted occupants colliding with each other. In a crash, occupants tend to move toward the point of impact, not away from it. People in the front seat are often struck by unbelted rear-seat passengers who have become high-speed projectiles.

The Internal Collision
Even after the occupant's body comes to a complete stop, the internal organs are still moving forward. Suddenly, these organs hit other organs or the skeletal system. This third collision is the internal collision and often causes serious or fatal injuries.

So, Why Safety Belts? During a crash, properly fastened safety belts distribute the forces of rapid deceleration over larger and stronger parts of the person's body, such as the chest, hips and shoulders. The safety belt stretches slightly to slow your body down and to increase its stopping distance.

The difference between the belted person's stopping distance and the unbelted person's stopping distance is significant. It's often the difference between life and death.

THE MYTHS AND FACTS ABOUT SAFETY BELTS.

MYTH: Belts are uncomfortable or inconvenient.

FACT: Initially people may find safety belts uncomfortable, confining or inconvenient simply because they're not used to wearing them. Those people who have made wearing safety belts a habit can testify that once their use does become a habit, there is no discomfort or inconvenience. It can't be overemphasized that the serious discomfort and inconvenience of motor vehicle crash injury in no way compares to the imaginary discomfort or the inconvenience you may think you feel wearing a belt the first few times.

MYTH: The belts in my car don't work.

FACT: It's important that everyone realizes that newer shoulder belts are made so that you can move comfortably but they will still lock up in sudden stops or crashes. Many people mistake this freedom of movement as a broken mechanism. Newer shoulder belts are designed to lock up only when the car changes speed or direction suddenly, not when the occupant changes position.

MYTH: Drivers in air bag-equipped vehicles don't need to wear safety belts.

FACT: Air bags provide supplemental protection in frontal crashes, but motorists can slide under them if they are not wearing a seat belt. In addition, air bags will not help in a side or rear impact or rollover crash. Motorists should wear a seat belt for protection in all types of crashes.

MYTH: I don't want to be trapped in a fire or underwater.

FACT: Crashes involving fire or water happen in only half percent of all crashes. So it doesn't happen often. However, when they do occur the best chance of survival rests in remaining conscious, uninjured, and in full possession of your faculties. The greatest danger is with the impact that precedes the fire or submersion in water. If you're not using a safety belt, it's very likely that you will be knocked unconscious or severely injured. If you're belted, it's very likely you will be able to unbuckle yourself and get out of a potential fire or submerged car situation.

MYTH: I'd rather be thrown clear in a crash.

FACT: Being thrown safely clear in a crash is almost impossible. When you're thrown, you may be thrown through the windshield, scraped along the pavement, or even crushed by your own vehicle or another one. The idea of being thrown from a car and gently landing in a grassy area beside the road is pure fantasy. Your best bet in a crash is to stay inside the vehicle, securely held by your safety belt.

MYTH: Belts can hurt you in a crash.

FACT: Properly worn safety belts seldom cause injuries. If they do, the injuries are usually surface bruises and are generally less severe than would have been the case without any belt. Without the belts, you could probably have been thrown out of the vehicle and been injured severely. It is true that sometimes the force of a crash is so great that nothing could have prevented injuries. Studies have consistently shown that injuries in most serious crashes would have been much more severe had safety belts not been worn.

MYTH: I'm not going far and I won't be going fast.

FACT: This is the comment that so many people living in rural areas use when asked why they do not wear a safety belt. It's important to remember that most crash deaths occur within 25 miles of home and at speeds of less than 40 miles per hour. This emphasizes that everyday driving from just one neighbor's home to another, to school, to the store or just one farm to another poses the greatest danger.

MYTH: The chance that I'll have an accident is so small, those things only happen to other people.

FACT: This is an attitude that is universal to everything we do. It's comfortable to think that accidents only happen to other people. However, one out of three people will be seriously injured in a car crash sometime during their lives. This is really a significant risk. We never know when it will occur or how it will occur. The answer -- buckle up every time on every trip.

MYTH: I'm a good driver, it won't happen to me.

FACT: You may be a good driver but you cannot always control the other drivers on the road. The statistics related to motor vehicle crashes and drunk drivers are devastating. Even if you are driving defensively, a drunk driver coming around the next curve may not be. Again, you never know what might happen. Play it safe. Buckle up every time -- every trip.

Road Safety : Distracted Driving

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Chapter : Road Safety

Distracted Driving

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Distracted driving means that someone is doing something that takes their attention away from the road while they’re driving. This could include: 

• Talking on their phone or even keeping it within easy reach
• Adjusting the radio or programming a GPS
• Eating, drinking, combing their hair, shaving, putting on makeup, or getting dressed 
• Looking or reaching for something on the passenger seat, back seat, or floor 
• Thinking more about the events of the day than their driving 
• Paying more attention to their passengers than to the road ahead of them. 

Distractions are a serious danger, not only to the driver but also to passengers and other motorists. As per report of road safety department on daily basis  most of accidents are happening due to  a distracted driving collision were many person are get injured in every minute. It is the cause of more fatal collisions than speeding or impaired driving. 

In many countries several types of penalties are getting imposed on the driver/rider several awareness programs are getting conducted but yet distracted driving incidents are reporting increased day by day. Below some effective and control measures are mentioned.

COMMON DRIVER MISTAKE

1. Failing to pay attention-Zone out
• Stay relaxed but totally focused.
• Concentrate on the journey not your pending issues.
2. Driving while drowsy
• Take breaks frequently or as required.
• Make sure to get adequate rest before long trips.
3. Becoming distracted inside the car (cell phone, radio, passengers)
• Avoid using cell phone while driving
• Plan the trip and study your trip prior to commencing.
4. Failing to adjust to adverse weather conditions
• Slow down in rain.
• Allow longer stopping distances.
• Adjust for poor visibility.
5. Driving aggressively (tail gating, running red lights and stop signs)
• Allow yourself ample time to make the trip.
• Remain calm and drive with a safety cushion.
6. Making assumptions about other drivers intentions
• Drive defensively.
• Allow cushion for the unexpected.
• Make your intensions clear. Use turn signals etc.
7. Speeding
• Obey the traffic signals.
• Remember the speed limit is the legal limit in ideal conditions.
8. Changing lanes without checking blinds
• Signal, check mirrors then use quick glance.
• Make lane changes gradually.
9. Driving while upset
• Avoid driving in stress
• Avoid driving during poor health condition
10. Ignoring essential auto maintenance (brake lights, bald tires etc.)
• Do weekly maintenance checks.
• Replace brake pads if required. Replace tires when worn out.

Identify Controls 

BEFORE DRIVING 

1. Do a pre-trip inspection—Check your vehicle before you get in. That will help you spot a problem before it’s too late. 
2. Map it out—Before traveling, Plan or map out your route first. If have doubt put your travel information into your GPS to get exact driving route while you’re still parked. 
3. Be comfortable—Before putting the car in gear, make sure you’re comfortable by adjusting the seat, the heat/air conditioning, the mirrors, and the steering wheel.
   
4. Eat, drink, and do your grooming at home—Give yourself the time to do those things before you get into your vehicle. Your only job should be to drive safely 
5.  Keep it clean—Things like pop cans, wrappers, coffee cups, or sports equipment can all distract you by moving or rolling around on the floor. By cleaning your car, you can limit this distraction. 
6. Set up your phone—Some apps or settings can block incoming calls and texts while driving, or send automatic replies to people trying to call or text you. Before you get in your vehicle, record an outgoing message that tells callers you’re driving and you’ll get back to them. Or pair your car audio system with your phone using Bluetooth. 
7. Turn off your phone or switch it to silent mode—You can even put it in the glove compartment (lock it, if you have to) or in a bag on the back seat so you’re not tempted

 WHILE DRIVING 

1. Use a hands-free or mounted device—It’s against the law to hold an electronic device in your hand while you’re driving. Although hands-free and mounted devices are permitted, they’re still a distraction. It’s safer not to make or answer any phone calls when behind the wheel. 
2. Stay relaxed and alert—If you’re worried or tired, you can’t react as quickly. 
3. Use your phone only when it is safe to do so—If you have to make a call or send a text or email, pull off the road carefully and come to a complete stop in a safe place or ask your passenger to take a call or send a text for you.
4. Don’t answer e-mails or text messages—Each time you read a text or an email, you’re taking your eyes off of the road for at least four seconds. Studies have shown that drivers who take their eyes off the road for more than two seconds are twice as likely to have a crash.

Suggestion

Train your workers how to set up their phones to send automatic replies or block calls and texts while driving.  

Review your company’s distracted driving health and safety policy with your management. Remind them that their attention must be on the task of driving.

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Road Safety : Essential Safe Driving Behaviors & Factors Contributing for Road Accidents

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Chapter : Road Safety

Essential Safe Driving Behaviors & Factors Contributing for Road Accidents

Essential Safe Driving Behaviors

Make sure your employees are safe behind the wheel whether they are driving on the job or commuting to and from work.

Driving is such a common occurrence that they may take safe driving practices for granted. This is precisely why occasional training refreshers on safe driving are a very good idea.

It is analysis that driver, vehicle, and traffic-control safety measures that significantly reduce traffic deaths. You can use the analysis to promote safe-driver behaviors with a high probability of reducing crash risk and severity and of saving lives.

Here are six safety measures that you can promote to reduce employee deaths and injuries from motor vehicle crashes both on and off the job:

1. Buckle up. Seat belt use is the single most effective strategy for reducing crash deaths and injuries. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates that seat belt use saved many lives and could have saved almost —particularly back seat passengers, who are less likely to buckle up. Make buckling up a requirement for all of your employees who are drivers or passengers in motor vehicles.
2. Wear a helmet. Not many workers drive a motorcycle or scooter on the job, but they might ride these fuel-efficient two-wheelers outside of work, especially in light of rising gas prices. Helmets saved nearly many Lives in  and could have saved many more, according to the Road Safety Departments. Encourage your motorcycling (and bicycling) employees to wear helmets.
3. Restrict teen drivers. Graduated licensing laws that restrict when teens can drive, and how many teen passengers they can carry, have been shown to reduce teens' crash deaths. Although labor laws forbid teens from driving as part of their job until age 18, you can still support motor vehicle safety among your teenage employees by ensuring that they do not work late into the night, when they might be at more risk for crashes after leaving work.
4. Slow down. Many states are raising speed limits—some to as high as 85 mph—but slower speeds save lives, and some trucking groups advocate a national 65 mph speed limit. Whatever the speed limits are in your area, adhering to them enhances safety. Encourage your drivers to observe posted limits.Always follow the local traffic rules.
5. Stop. Red-light running killed many people, and injured more too . Encourage your drivers to observe traffic signals and stop signs.
6. Stay sober. Alcohol impairs drivers, and impaired drivers are a hazard to themselves and others. You can help by discouraging alcohol use at company functions and parties, and by making sure that workers understand how easily and quickly alcohol can affect their judgment and reaction time.

 Factors Contributing for Road Accidents

1. Human (Driver/Pedestrian/Passenger)
1. Non-Compliance to traffic rules (Overtaking, Speeding,etc.)
2. Impairment (drugs,alcohol,etc.)
   
3. Lack of Abilities and capabilities  (License,vision etc.)

   

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4. Poor Attitude and Attention (emotion,phone distraction,etc.)
5. None usage of Helmet and protection clothing utilization 
6. None wearing of Seat belt.
   
2. Vehicles.
1. Maintenance 
2. Inspections
3. Damage
4. Condition of wheels and tires
5. Condition of steering, 
6. Pedals,
7. Levers,
8. Lights
9. Suspension, 
10. Design Standards
11. Overloading 
    
3. Road Infrastructure 
1. Surface (friction,shoulders,potholes, etc.)
2. Geometry (gradient,lanes,no shoulder,curves,etc.)
3. Poor maintenance, Traffic Volumes,
4. Inadequate signs,
5. reflectors,
6. signal, 
7. lighting, etc., 
8. Obstacles (Intersection type, crosswalk,island, etc.)
9. Poor road system (entry and exist of vehicles).
   
4. Transport and land use
1. Transport alternatives,
2. Other modes,
3. Spatial arrangement,
4. Co-location
5. Accessibility-remoteness,
6. Location,
7. Service Levels,
8. Transport integration.
   
5. Environmental
1. Weather (Fog,rain etc.)
2. Smoke
   
6. Socio-economic circumstance
1. Economics (finance,funding),
2. Employment Structure,
3. Population Growth,
4. Politics and government
5. Social norms and background
6. Travel purposes and activities
7. Legal (regulation,liability,insurance). 

 

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